The discussion on dubbing has raised several interesting questions. First of all, for me =ABto dubb or not to dubb=BB does not concern whether the fil= m uses sync dialogue from location, re-recorded dialogue from location, looped dialogue from post-production, or even if the person we see is the same person we hear. The main issue, as I see it, is whether or not the dialogue has tight or loose lip sync; and whether or not we prefer tight lip sync in a foreign language with subtitles, to loose lip sync in our native tongue without subtitles. (Both practices have underlying arguments of authenticity or comprehensibility, that I will not distinguish between here). I think a lot of the discussion boils down to questions about the natural vs. cultural aspects of preferences for dubbing or subtitles. On the one side there is no doubt that synchronicity and tight lip sync is an important aspect of our natural perception of the world. There has been a fair amount of research on infants showing that they prefer to look at a screen with people talking with tight lip sync, when given a choice between that and for instance a screen with 400 msec offset between the lipmovements and the sound. (Cf. Barbara Dodd, Elisabeth Spelke and others). Also research on older children and television, show that kids are more attentive to programs that have a close audiovisual fit (and also score higher on comprehension tests after these programs), than programs where the pictures and the sound go off on their own. On the other hand the question of preference to tight lip synch /subtitles or loose lip synch /dubbing, is also a cultural phenomenon. As several commentators have already pointed out, there are differences between countries (and may be even continents) in this respect. The main issues, as I see it, are the questions of tradition, repetition and craftsman ship. Italy has had dubbing since 1929, when =ABMussolini's government decreed tha= t all films projected on Italian screens must have Italian-language sound track=BB, as Natasa Durovicova writes (in Altman 1992:149). (PS. Does anybod= y know when these laws were changed? Someone on the list mentioned these laws in past tense, but have they only recently been changed -- say the last couple of decades, or much earlier?) Hitler's government did the same thing in 1933, also to keep the Jews out of the movie business. These decisions meant establishing a dubbing industry that could provide good dubbing, and is (I think) important in explaining the little effort for instance Italian filmmakers have put in to recording sync sound and dialogue on location since. Even though many Americans think of Europe as these (and other) big countries, most of the small countries with their own language, for instane Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway, have subtitled movies since the beginning of the sound era. And we are exactly as =ABobsessive=BB about prec= ise lip sync as Americans. The only pictures that have been, and still are, dubbed on a regular basis in Scandinavia, are movies for children, obviously because subtitling requires reasonably good reading skills. Interestingly, a new practice has developed the last 3-4 years in Norway (beginning with Disney's Aladdin): the big Disney movies are also released with the original sound track, but without subtitling; so now Norwegian adults can enjoy the sound of Robin Williams or other un-dubbable characters, without the film companies spending extra money on translation (most Norwegians understand English pretty well, both from school, but also because we're use to hearing it through film and television. Research has even shown that Norwegians with access to Swedish television, understands it much better than Norwegians without Swedish television -- even though you may be living close to the border, having a fair amount of real life encounters with Swedes). The subtitling-tradition in Scandinavia has led to a lot of effort being put in to making good and easily understood subtitles (a lot of research has been put down in studying the optimum sentence structure, length of sentences, amount of time on the screen etc.). As a result of these varying traditions I think Norwegians or Swedes probably make better subtitles than Germans or Italians; on the other hand these may have better dubbed versions than Norwegians (...the Swedes have -- sorry to say -- much better voice-actors, and are more talented than us in the dubbing department). Therefore I find it easy to understand that surveys performed in Europe show that people prefer the tradition they have in their particular country; both because of the developed skills in reading subtitles / listening to dubbed dialogue, and because of the developed craftsman skills of making good subtitles or dubbing. Still, there is little question that BOTH traditions put time and money before quality. An acquaintance of mine recently translated Richard III into Norwegian for less than $7 an hour; being a Shakespeare-fanatic he has used a lot more time (180 hours) getting a high quality result, than the budget allowed for. On the other hand Nick Pasquariello (1996:188) writes the following about dubbing of Hollywood pictures into foreign languages: =ABstudios are fairly consistent in allotting fixed budgets of two to four days, with flexibility only in the number of hours per day; in Germany a difficult picture like JFK took 80 hours to do, while HOME ALONE was whipped out in seven hours=BB. I wonder ho= w THAT sounded? Not to speak about how it must have looked... Arnt Maaso _________________________________________________ Arnt Maas=F8, Stipendiat Institutt for medier og kommunikasjon, Universitetet i Oslo Blindernveien 11 P.b. 1093 Blindern, 0317 Oslo Telefon: +47 22 85 04 19 Telefax: +47 22 85 04 01 E-post: [log in to unmask] Web: http://www.media.uio.no/ansatte/arnt.maaso/ _________________________________________________ ---- To signoff SCREEN-L, e-mail [log in to unmask] and put SIGNOFF SCREEN-L in the message. Problems? Contact [log in to unmask]