Might I humbly suggest that some of the postings have missed a crucial point. Most examples given aren't showing that audiences trust picture over sound, but that they trust picture over =speech=. This is a very different matter. As was said, film is normally taken to be a representation of reality - both picture and sound. Speech is not necessarily a representation of reality. Speech is a communication, and therefore can lie. Unless the film has prepared us otherwise, we will trust what we see - =and hear= - over what we are "told" whether we are told in verbal language (sound) or non-verbal (picture). For example: (picture) Man kicks dog - trusted over (dialogue) "I love animals" (sound) Dog yelping in pain - trusted over (picture) Man makes great show of looking innocent. (This is why I - and others - always advise beginner screenwriters to "show, not tell". Showing will always be the more powerful means of conveying dramatic information in a way that audiences believe it. But "show" includes both picture and sound.) When appropriate, audiences can certainly trust aural cues over visual. For example, music may give an emotional meaning to a scene that is being hidden by the actions (or lack of them). Or a sound effect could betray the existence of a threat, even though nothing threatening can actually be seen. What is interesting, is that it is possible for a film-maker to change the conventions, so that the visuals and the sound become representations not of reality but of a character's point of view. This is normally done in flashback (although the "Blow Up" tennis game example is a rare example of another way of doing it). "Rashamon" is probably the most famous case of "unreliable cinematographer" (!) By contrast, I'm currently writing a script in which I want to introduce an unreliable scene early on. However, I don't want the audience to realise it's unreliable until the end. I have a feeling, though, that I will not be able to include it, because the audience will feel cheated. Any opinions? Charlie Harris -- ======================== Charlie Harris Footloose Films [log in to unmask] ======================== ---- To signoff SCREEN-L, e-mail [log in to unmask] and put SIGNOFF SCREEN-L in the message. Problems? Contact [log in to unmask]