Sam wrote: "In U.S. and in most other countries in the world, the films (35mm & 16mm) run 24 frames per second (in France, it is 25 fps.)" Close, but no Galois. All 35mm theatrical films (are photographed and projected in theaters at 24 frames/sec., except, of course, for fast and slow motion. Material photographed for European television (including France) is usually exposed at 25 frames/second, because that is the transmission rate of European television systems (originally derived from the standard electric supply, which is 50 cycles/sec). In the U.S., material intended for television is usually photographed at 24 frames/second and an ingenious shutter system allows transmission at 30 frames/second (based on the U.S. standard 60 cycle electricity). -Henry Breitrose Department of Communication Stanford Henry Breitrose, Professor, Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, California 9435-2050 USA Tel: +1-415-7234700 Fax: 1-415-725-2472 ---- To signoff SCREEN-L, e-mail [log in to unmask] and put SIGNOFF SCREEN-L in the message. Problems? Contact [log in to unmask]