Apparently Henry Jenkins post seemed to if not discourage listers from continue the discussion at least attracted some scorn. I really don't see why the discussion has come to an end, but I'm beginning to realize that there must be some informal netiquette or styles/devices which are probably more specifically appropriate to a newsgroup. It seems that one should present only half-baked ideas on the newsgroup --or at least pace out your argument in installments and leaving some sort of at least implied question. At any rate, it seems to me that a general difference between utopia stories in the two different tradition Jenkins mentions is that the science fiction/societal sort constructs the utopia/dystopia around characters (and/or audience) while the utopia tradition in classical Hollywood films contruct it "within" characters/audience. That is, the sci-fi constructs more overtly an entire new diegetic world which implicitly differs from the audience's world while the classical Hollywood film also constructs a fictional diegetic world but it tends to be more similar to the "normal" world perhaps. How- ever it is the characters which strive for utopia (and achieve it if there's a happy ending). If such is the case, the "personal" tradition might tend to have characters in a faulted world striving for a utopic world, while with "societal" tradition, it might be more like the individuals (and any identifying audience members) trying to adjust/strive for this brave new world. I guess this tends to overgeneralize, but I'll leave it at that. Ra- ther than see it through utopia/dystopia I guess one could see it from the social-individual angle. Sterling Chen Henry Jenkins a couple weeks ago wrote: > There seem to be multiple concepts of utopia clogging our discussion at the > moment. I had intended my original post as offering a more historically > grounded version of what the concept has meant in terms of science fiction > since Roberta's original post contained only science fiction examples. > Utopianism has been a central concept in science fiction, with the early pulp > magazines of Hugo Gernsbeck helping to set the tone for much of the subsequent > development of the genre by popularizing the technological utopian rhetoric o > late 19th and early 20th century middle class reformers who felt that modelin > society more after a machine would lead to a more perfect order. Howard Segel > has written a book on the technological utopian tradition which is well worth > reading. There had been, of course, earlier versions of fictional utopias in > philosophy, such as Thomas Moore's original UTOPIA, in writings about the New > World as a utopian space, etc. Peter Fitting argues that the social utopian > tradition emerges in the 1960s, typically around the work of feminist science > fiction writers and focusing on changing the social order to allow for greater > equality and diversity. I argue in my forthcoming book on STAR TREK that it > draws on both of those traditions, while melding them with a healthy dose of > space opera. In this context, then, I see utopianism as a specific ideologica > discourse and a specific generic tradition. > On the other hand, there is a very different tradition of talking about > utopianism within film and media studies which I also find very helpful and > which can probably cover most of the other examples, from THE WIZARD OF OZ to > PHILADELPHIA STORY, which people have suggested. Richard Dyer has argued that > popular entertainment provides us not with an image of what utopia looks like, > the specific concern of the genre tradition described above, but "what utopia > feels like." Dyer's model includes both narrative elements (such as shifts > within the character relations), thematic concerns (such as community), but al > formal aspects (such as music, which can give us a sense of intensity, or > color, which creates a lushness, etc.) Frederic Jameson pushes this further to > say that entertainment, in order to be effective, must offer a certain degree > of utopianism (a sense of a better world that responds to the felt needs, > frustrations, and unsatisfied desires we feel in our present world.) Further > still, > Dyer's work in queer theory points to a utopian mode of reception within the > gay and lesbian community, a desire for texts which speak of pleasures which t > mainstream media rarely acknowledges, a desire to imagine alternatives to the > pain of living in a homophobic society. Dyer identifies a number of different > forms of entertainment, popular with gay and lesbian audiences, such as > Disco,Opera or Judy Garland's musicals, which provide this utopian pleasure. > Finally, we might identify the notion of a utopian space as the "green > orld" > beyond the edges of civilization, a space characters can move into not so muc > to construct a new social order but rather to escape society's constraints > altogether. This image of a utopian escape into a "green world" is most visib > within the romantic comedyy tradition where characters gain psychological > fluidity by escaping from their normal social sphere, enabling romance to > resolve the irreconcilable differences between the characters and facilitating > their marriage. See the bus trip in IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT or the trip to > Conn. in BRINGING UP BABY as archtypial examples. Could the lush, green > landscape at the end of BLADERUNNER be understood in that tradition, as the > space which allows the two protagonists to escape their fixed social roles in > a more fluid world where the line between human and android, man and woman, m > be less rigidly enforced and where they may then achieve a personal utopia > through marriage? > One reason why this discussion, while productive, gets confusing is that > different posts seem to use utopia in different ways, depending on which > tradition we are evoking, and so, there seem to be few films which fit > comfortably within the utopian genre (as Roberta first suggested and seems > true) but that some form of utopianism is recognizable in almost all Hollywoo > genre > films (which would seem to be axiomatic for Dyer or Jameson). The same is > at the roots, I think, within debates between whether a utopian film must > have larger social categories at its roots or may be focused around individual > characters, whether utopian films must construct an alternative social order > it is sufficient to show the characters escaping from a dystopian social > order into the "green world" beyond. > I hope this clarifies rather than shuts down what is proving to be one of t > more substantive discussions on Screen-L in a long while. > > Henry Jenkins