Sharon Zuber writes: >Does anyone have information about who wrote and/or designed the graphics >for the intertitles for Flaherty's NANOOK? Can't help on this specific point, but here's a general one, for what it's worth. Intertitles were often changed/edited/completely re-designed from scratch by distributors in foreign countries, or for different versions of a domestic release (perhaps due to censorship regimes that varied from state to state, for example). The most obvious form this took was translating the text between languages. This was very cheap and easy to do, which was one of the reasons why a lot more films from non-English speaking countries got released in Britain and the US during the silent period than has been the case since. The huge cost increases necessitated by dubbing and superimposed subtitles hit European film exports to Britain and the US very badly - it also, of course, gave US films a massive advantage in the British market (because Brits could understand American English without any form of translation, and so the films could be exported without any additional cost). It was this state of affairs that lead Samuel Goldwyn to remark in the early '30s that "If the US spoke Spanish, Britain might still have a film industry". The only version of NANOOK that I've seen just had plain text intertitles (i.e. no graphics of any description). This suggests to me that the provenance of your graphic intertitles may well have nothing to do with Flaherty (although I stress this is a wild guess) - not that this possibility makes them any less interesting. L ------------------------------------ Leo Enticknap Projection and Sound Engineer City Screen Cinemas Ltd., London, UK [log in to unmask] ---- For past messages, visit the Screen-L Archives: http://bama.ua.edu/archives/screen-l.html