Something which might clarify the recent discussions of racism and film on this list would be a definition (dare I say it) of what would count as racism. Several postings on this thread work in this direction, but no one has yet said what they mean by racism. It may seem silly to define something so central, but the centrality or importance of a concept does not make it any clearer--oftentimes quite the opposite is the case, and the more central a concept, the more freight it has to carry and the less precise it becomes. My own work concerns questions of sexuality more than race, but I think there are certain parallels. Namely, we often use a kind of shorthand to say that *films* are homophobic, but this seems to be based on an analogy (1) with *people* who may be homophobic in their actions and/or attitudes/beliefs or (2) with *verbal expressions* of such homophobic attitudes and beliefs or such verbal expressions which constitute *actions*. A film probably cannot be homophobic in sense (1), except insofar as we find a film as a system to embody or imply certain beliefs or assumptions--which pushes it towards sense (2). Representing *characters* who hold these attitudes is not enough to count under sense (1): there are films which seem to underwrite the views of homophobic characters, while others make it clear that these characters are beyond the pale. Sense (2) seems closer to what's being discussed on this list, although it seems that people generally agree that *The Lion King*, for instance, doesn't simply come out and *state* and racist sentiments. What seems to be at stake in these intuitions about racism is rather a systematic connection between the key term--race, gender, sexuality--and specific values implied in the various codes. In the case of racism, what seems to be the implied object of criticism is a systematic devaluation of any race other than "white." Here racism is closer to a system of beliefs than a conscious attitude or even verbal expression or action. This schism between a system of beliefs and anything consciously expressed or acted upon is legible whenever people comment that *The Lion King*, for instance, isn't racist because viewers don't notice that it is. Here I think some people are thinking of racism as a statement, rather than in terms of the system of values embodied in those statements. But certainly we can understand that someone can be racist (in the sense of adhering to a specific set of beliefs) without ever expressing racist views or making any discriminatory actions. The question is then whether or not the inculcation of a system of values by means of implication, by the systematic linking of various codes (of coloration, of casting, of character traits and actions) constitutes an *action* in the same way that, for example, a verbal racial slur which directly states racist views is itself not merely a *statement* but rather an *act.* Here various writers on this list seem to differ in the case of *The Lion King* not only as to whether or not the connections in the film are really systematic enough to be significant and as to whether some of the codes (such as "buffoonery") have specifically racial connotations, but, even more significantly, as to whether even the systematic adoption of certain codes would constitute an action which would have an effect upon the film's audience. I provide this comment in the way of food for thought--in case it helps someone say "this is what I meant, not that, and thus this is why we disagree." I must say, I have been impressed with a consistently thoughtful level of the comments on this thread, and, given the sensitive nature of the topic, I am happy to see a discussion which is heated without being hostile. Sincerely, Edward R. O'Neill UCLA ---- To signoff SCREEN-L, e-mail [log in to unmask] and put SIGNOFF SCREEN-L in the message. Problems? Contact [log in to unmask]